As discussed in the context of subduction-related volcanism in Chapter 4, the significant volume of water within the subducting material is released as the subducting crust is heated. Five park sites in southern Alaska showcase landscapes formed by the subduction of the northward-moving Pacific Plate beneath North America. Without warning the plane flew right through the eruption cloud at 25,000 feet (7,500 meters) altitude. As a result of this collision, the oceanic Cocos plate is subducted below the Caribbean along the Mesoamerican trench plate at speeds ranging from 2 in. The grinding action also produces devastating earthquakes, including some that result in giant tsunami waves. Start with the major plates, and then work on the smaller ones. Solved Tectonic Plates Use this map to answer the following - Chegg Solved Unclick all the other layers you've been using, and - Chegg 20 Million Years Ago When mixed with water from glaciers, snowmelt, and streams, these materials can make very dense, fast-moving volcanic mudflows (known sometimes by the Indonesian term lahar). It runs from the tip of South America eastwards to form a barrier between the Antarctic plate and the South America plate. Silica-rich ash melted and coated the hot engine turbines with glass, causing all four of them to shut down. The magma, which is lighter than the surrounding mantle material, rises through the mantle and the overlying oceanic crust to the ocean floor where it creates a chain of volcanic islands known as an island arc. Find the boundary between the North American and Cocos plates. Mount Rainier. Beginning about 30 million years ago, so much of the Farallon Plate was consumed by subduction that the Pacific and North American plates were in contact, forming the San Andreas transform plate boundary in western California. If the seafloor rises or falls, giant sea waves (a tsunami) can form. It is likely that as many as 20 mantle plumes, many of which still exist, were responsible for the initiation of the rifting of Pangea along what is now the mid-Atlantic ridge (see Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\)). This plate is small. Mazama, violently erupted 7,700 years ago. Once youve named most of the plates, draw arrows to show the general plate motions. The volcanoes are forming above the region where the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches about 50 miles (80 kilometers) depth. As the Atlantic Ocean floor gets weighed down around its margins by great thickness of continental sediments (i.e., geosynclines), it will be pushed farther and farther into the mantle, and eventually the oceanic lithosphere may break away from the continental lithosphere (Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\)). Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created to fill in the space as the plates move apart. That the Atlantic Ocean rift may have occurred in approximately the same place during two separate events several hundred million years apart is probably no coincidence. The eastern boundary is a transform fault, the Panama Fracture Zone. Shasta in California, and other Cascade Volcanoes. The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. This plate includes all of Saudi Arabia, and much of the Levant (up to Iraq and Syria). The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. Crater Lake. The largest earthquakes occur near the surface where the subducting plate is still cold and strong. Often it is the older and colder plate that is denser and subducts beneath the younger and hotter plate. Most divergent boundaries are located at the oceanic ridges (although some are on land), and the crustal material created at a spreading boundary is always oceanic in character; in other words, it is mafic igneous rock (e.g., basalt or gabbro, rich in ferromagnesian minerals). The map shows the major tectonic plates that compose Earth's crust and upper mantle Arrows indicate direction of plate movement and the size of the arrows indicate rate of movement. This plate is moving directly east towards the South America plate. And, as at Mt. The most famous example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is on the Alaska Peninsula. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. The plates are made up of crust and the lithospheric part of the mantle (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)), and even though they are moving all the time, and in different directions, there is never a significant amount of space between them. What plate boundary is the Philippines and Eurasian Plate? What type of plate boundary is Antarctic and Australian plate? and Alberta are also a result of continent-continent collisions. Detailed Description Map of the North American - Caribbean tectonic plate boundary. Nazca plate, Pacific plate, North America plate, Caribbean plate. North America plate, Africa plate, Australia plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Filipino plate. Kenai Fjords National Park lies within a coastal mountain range (accretionary wedge) formed as the Pacific Plate subducts beneath southern Alaska. Wrangell, a 14,163 foot (4,317 meter) volcano that last erupted during the early part of the 20th Century. This plate includes India and the surrounding India Ocean. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. The plate boundary is a broad zone of deformation with a width of about 60 miles (100 kilometers). Colors denote depth below sea level and elevation on land. They are part of the volcanic arc that extends northeastward from the Aleutian Islands, across the Alaska Peninsula and Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai and Lake Clark national parks, and then bends eastward to Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. The initial magma formed as mantle rock melts beneath a subduction zone has low silica (basalt) composition. Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. By the end of 1967 the Earths surface had been mapped into a series of plates (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Caribbean Plate | Geology Page Is the Cocos Plate convergent or divergent? The Philippine Plate, also known as the Philippine Sea Plate, is a small tectonic plate between the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate. The best example is the San Andreas Fault on the Pacific coast of the United States. Plate of Cocos: Location and General Characteristics Now suppose the subduction processes that form the volcanoes were to stop, shutting off the magma supply that feeds the volcanoes. This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate. A mature island arc develops into a chain of relatively large islands (such as Japan or Indonesia) as more and more volcanic material is extruded and sedimentary rocks accumulate around the islands. Figures 10.4.2, 10.4.3, 10.4.5, 10.4.6, 10.4.7, 10.4.8, 10.4.9, 10.4.10, 10.4.11, 10.4.12, 10.4.13, 10.4.14: Steven Earle. The Sierra Nevada are the eroded remnants of the volcanic arc developed when the Farallon Plate subducted beneath the continent. This plate is small. The largest (locked zone earthquakes) occur where the Juan de Fuca and North American plates are stuck together, as they have been for the past three centuries. Left image CC BY. Farther east the Juan de Fuca Plate descends deeper and deeper. National Park Service sites are shown in red. Taiwan area is the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasia plate, which has complex interaction, attracting much attention[3033]. Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Steven Earle. Eventually Africa will split apart. The Pacific Plate is the fastest, followed by the Australian and Nazca Plates. The ocean area along southern Asia up to the India plate is also a part of the Australia plate. The low region between the two mountain ranges is the Puget Sound area of Washington and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Pangea began to rift apart along a line between Africa and Asia and between North America and South America at around 200 Ma. If spreading along the mid-Atlantic ridge continues to be slower than spreading within the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean will start to close up, and eventually (in a 100 million years or more) North and South America will collide with Europe and Africa. Unclick all the other layers you've been using, and then click next to . It is bordered by the Caribbean, North American, Pacific, and Nazca tectonic plates. National Park Service sites in the Coastal Ranges of Washington, Oregon and northern California contain rugged mountains of rocks that were manufactured in the ocean, then scraped off the plate and lifted out of the sea. Transcribed image text: Question 1 (1 point) Saved Unclick all the other layers you've been using, and then click next to "plate boundary model" layer. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Transform boundaries are places where plates slide sideways past each other. The rising water melts rock in its path, forming a volcanic arc on the overrriding plate. It includes the central Caribbean countries and runs along the northern edge of South America. There is tremendous deformation of the pre-existing continental rocks, and creation of mountains from that rock, from any sediments that had accumulated along the shores (i.e., within geosynclines) of both continental masses, and commonly also from some ocean crust and upper mantle material. At an ocean-ocean convergent boundary, one of the plates (oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle) is pushed, or subducted, under the other. But parks in the Cascade Mountains within the same subduction zone are dramatically different. All volcanic eruptions in Iceland, such as the 1973 eruption of Eldfell, the 1783 eruption of Laki, and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, are caused by the North American and the Eurasian Plates moving apart, which is a result of divergent plate boundary forces. To see the timing of these processes for yourself, go to time lapse of Continental Movements. Crater Lake National Park has the 9th deepest lake in the world. Katmai National Park Mazama, Aniakchak no longer holds a large lake because the caldera wall is breached. The fact that the plates include both crustal material and lithospheric mantle material makes it possible for a single plate to be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. The explanation is that plates move in a rotational manner. Storms coming in from the Pacific Ocean drop most of their moisture on the Coast Range and Cascades, leaving eastern Oregon and Washington high and dry. Usually, one of the converging plates will move beneath the other, a process known as subduction. Observations. This plate makes up all of Antarctica and much of the surrounding ocean. USGS photo. What convergent boundary is formed between Caribbean plate and? - 2023 This page titled 10.4: Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven Earle (BCCampus) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Plates are thought to move along the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, as the asthenosphere is the zone of partial melting. Tilted layers of thick sandstone (pink) and thin shale (dark) along the coast at Olympic National Park reveal the enormous forces that lifted and deformed the oceanic layers as the Juan de Fuca and North American plates converged. The east coast of North America is a passive margin and not a plate boundary. The part of California west of the San Andreas Fault and all of Baja California are on the Pacific Plate. Convergent boundaries , where two plates are moving toward each other, are of three types, depending on the type of crust present on either side of the boundary oceanic or continental . The Cocos Plate Examine the interactive globe. Right image St. Helens in 1980. Cocos and Rivera Plates - Americas:Tectonics - Weebly Subduction in the Pacific Northwest creates incredible beauty in the form of coastlines, mountains, and valleysiconic features of the many National Park Service sites in the region. Californias San Andreas fault is a transform boundary. In 1966, Tuzo Wilson proposed that there has been a continuous series of cycles of continental rifting and collision; that is, break-up of supercontinents, drifting, collision, and formation of other supercontinents. Trees along the Washington coast were killed by salt-water invasion when the land suddenly dropped during the last great Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake in the year 1700. But the incident highlighted the importance of monitoring volcanic activity and making the information immediately available to the airline industry and other segments of the public. This is the zone where the two plates have been locked together since the last great earthquake occurred in the year 1700. More recent studies of continental matchups and the magnetic ages of ocean-floor rocks have enabled us to reconstruct the history of the break-up of Pangea. Without referring to the plate map in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\), or any other resources, write in the names of as many of the plates as you can. It was preceded by Pannotia (600 to 540 Ma), by Rodinia (1,100 to 750 Ma), and by others before that. Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet The overlying volcanoes have since eroded away, exposing a vast expanse of the ancient magma chambers in the Sierra Nevada. * The boundaries that moving away . It formed millions of years ago when the Farallon Plate split into the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate.. The major plates are Eurasia, Pacific, India, Australia, North America, South America, Africa, and Antarctic. The San Andreas Fault and Queen Charlotte Fault are transform plate boundaries developing where the Pacific Plate moves northward past the North American Plate. Transcribed image text: Match each plate boundary with its appropriate type. A sudden unlocking could produce an earthquake every bit as big as the one that occurred in Alaska in 1964, when a similar subduction zone boundary snap occurred. The Cocos Plate is a young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America, named for Cocos Island, which rides upon it. Yosemite National Park, California . The forearc basin is the Willamette Valley in Oregon and Puget Sound in Washington. This highly active convergent plate boundary extends along both sides the Philippine Islands, from Luzon in the north to the Celebes Islands in the south. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates in California is a transform plate boundary marked by the San Andreas strike-slip fault. Plate Tectonics | Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Rocks in Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Joshua Tree national parks contain exumed magma chamber rock that formed beneath the ancient volcanoes. The Coast Ranges, including the Olympic Mountains, are made of oceanic sediments and hard rocks that were caught in the vise between the converging plates, uplifted, and added to the edge of the continent. Is the Nazca Plate a convergent boundary? Examples of ocean-ocean convergent zones are subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North America Plate south of Alaska (Aleutian Islands) and beneath the Philippine Plate west of the Philippines, subduction of the India Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate south of Indonesia, and subduction of the Atlantic Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). A mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Much of the stable plate is under water and is called the Caribbean ocean . Sea lions resting on layers of pillow basalt that formed beneath the ocean and were uplifted as part of the accretionary wedge. In 1912 the Katmai region erupted an estimated 7 cubic miles (30 cubic kilometers) of ash and pyroclastic material, roughly 50 times the amount that came out of Washingtons Mt. The southerly side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate called the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR). A transform plate boundary developed where the Pacific Plate was in contact with the North American Plate and the volcanism ceased in central California. Antarctic plate, Pacfic plate, Eurasia plate, India Plate, Africa plate. Plate Boundaries Divergent UU) Transform North American Plate Convergent Other Plate Motion Caribbean Plate Indias Plate motion vectors rotated based on the direction of plate movement Cocos Plate Pacific Plate South American Plate Google Earth Z age Landsat / Copernicus ata SIO, NOAA . This situation may not continue for too much longer, however. Other rocks seen in the high mountains at the center of the park were pushed more deeply into the Earth, where increasing temperature and pressure changed them into metamorphic rocks known as quartzite and slate. Error message | View complete answer on https://www.britannica.com Are the Nazca Plate and South American plates divergent plates? Legal. It runs along the north western coast of the United States and the southern British Columbia coast. On the western edge of the plate is a continuous subduction zone where the Cocos, Panama, and North Andean Plates are all converging with the Caribbean Plate. Olympic National Park, Washington A by-product of the metamorphism is the release of hot fluids, especially water. A visit to Olympic National Park is an opportunity to witness features of an accretionary wedge as they develop. The North American plate is moving to the west-southwest at about 2.3 cm (~1 inch) per year driven by the spreading center that created the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Summary. Cocos Island rides on it.. Visitors can witness mountains as they are forming, and sometimes experience the accompanying earthquake and volcanic activity. Plate borders the North American Plate, the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate. The western boundary is another mid-ocean ridge, the East Pacific Rise. (Note that spreading rates are typically double the velocities of the two plates moving away from a ridge.). Near the western edge of the continent, the Juan de Fuca Plate plunges downward and some of the layers of hard crust and ocean sediments are scraped off the top and squeezed upward as the Olympic Mountains and other coastal ranges. Transform faults do not just connect divergent boundaries. Right image Transform boundaries exist where one plate slides past another without production or destruction of crustal material. USGS photo. Solved Examine the figure below. What type of plate - Chegg For example, the Queen Charlotte Fault connects the north end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, starting at the north end of Vancouver Island, to the Aleutian subduction zone. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. Plates move as rigid bodies, so it may seem surprising that the North American Plate can be moving at different rates in different places. Solved Question 1 (1 point) Saved Unclick all the other - Chegg The Cascades form above the line where the subducting plate extends to depths where it heats up, dehydrates and causes magma to form. Modified from Beauty from the Beast: Plate Tectonics and the Landscapes of the Pacific Northwest, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 92 pp., 2015, www.amazon.com/dp/1512211893. Layers of pillow basalt exposed at NPS sites in the Coastal Ranges are evidence that lava flows that formed in the Pacific Ocean were later scraped off the subducting plate and lifted upward as part of the accretionary wedge. At 20,625 square miles (53,396 square kilometers), Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve is the largest U. S. national park six times the size of Yellowstone. Yosemite Valley and Half Dome. What type of plate boundaies are found between the Cocos, Nazca, and Pacific plates? The devastating 1985 Mexico City earthquake and the 2017 Chiapas earthquake were results of the subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate. The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. Imagine if Mt. Sandstone and shale layers at Kenai Fjords are commonly metamorphosed and were so deformed during subduction and uplift that they are vertical in places. Would you characterize earthquake activity as. Two parallel mountain ranges commonly develop above such a subduction zone a coastal range consisting of sedimentary strata and hard rock lifted out of the sea (accretionary wedge), and a volcanic range farther inland (volcanic arc). To the north it borders the North American Plate, which encompasses the entire north of the continent. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. Dont worry if you cant name them all. Examine the figure below. The Cocos plate was created about 23 million years ago when a larger plate broke into two pieces. But unlike Mt. The line of active volcanoes, from Mt. Hydrothermal features on the flanks of Lassen Peak include numerous hot springs, mudpots and fumaroles that suggest there is still hot magma beneath the mountain. A continent-continent collision occurs when a continent or large island that has been moved along with subducting oceanic crust collides with another continent (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). The Sierra Nevada are a remnant of volcanoes that extended southward when the ancient Farallon Plate dove beneath the edge of North America. Half Dome in Yosemite National Park is made of granite that solidified from magma tens of millions of years ago, when a subduction zone extended along the entire west coast. These mega-earthquakes occur every 200 to 600 years or so, and the last one was in the year 1700. This plate starts at the western edge of South America and stretches east into the southwestern parst of the Atlantic Ocean. Examples of ocean-continent convergent boundaries are subduction of the Nazca Plate under South America (which has created the Andes Range) and subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under North America (creating the mountains Garibaldi, Baker, St. Helens, Rainier, Hood, and Shasta, collectively known as the Cascade Range). From 1999 to 2008, the United States Mint issued 25-cent coins representing each of the 50 states. Mt. Visitors to Olympic National Park, Oregon Caves National Monument, or Redwood National and State Parks can look down and imagine the top of the Juan de Fuca Plate about 10 miles (16 kilometers) beneath their feet. This plate makes up most of the Pacific Ocean. Roughly 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles) in area, the Caribbean Plate borders the North American Plate, the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate. Another, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, is a vast region that extends across the accretionary wedge and volcanic arc, and is built of accreted terranes. Sediment that has accumulated on the continental slope is thrust up into an accretionary wedge, and compression leads to thrusting within the continental plate (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)). The mafic magma produced adjacent to the subduction zone rises to the base of the continental crust and leads to partial melting of the crustal rock. Fortunately, no one was injured. View the full answer. When the plates suddenly let go, a massive earthquake will shake the entire Pacific Northwest, a series of tsunami waves will pound the Coast, and landslides will make it difficult to reach some of those in need. Today The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea plate to the east while the west/northwestern part of the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. Cocos Tectonic Plate | LAC Geo The North American Plate . Jennifer Natoli was a seasonal ranger at Redwood National and State Parks in California. Redwood National and State Parks, California 10.4: Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes An accretionary wedge forms between the converging plates as material is scraped off the subducting plate. What boundary is between the Cocos Plate and the Caribbean plate The Pacific Plate is almost entirely oceanic, but it does include the part of California west of the San Andreas Fault. This plate moves north and slightly west towards the Caribbean plate and the North America plate. Compaction in the Rock Cycle: Understanding the Process Behind Sedimentary Rock Formation, Crystallization in the Water Cycle: A Fundamental Process in Water Distribution and Purification, Understanding Crystallization in the Rock Cycle: A Fundamental Process in Rock Formation, Extracting Lat/Lng from Shapefile using OGR2OGR/GDAL. Stack the quarters with Washington on top, Oregon in the middle and California on the bottom. Another divergent plate boundary is the East Pacific Rise, which separates the massive Pacific plate from the Nazca, Cocos, and North American plates. Later, most of the settlers coming on the Oregon Trail continued past central Oregon and Washington to the lush farmland of the Willamette Valley and Puget Sound, the low-lying region between the two rising mountain ranges. MORB Mid ocean ridge basalt subduction zones In her version of the Oreo cookie demonstration, the creamy filling is the layers of sediment and basalt on the ocean floor. There are also numerous small plates (e.g., Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, Philippine, Caribbean), and many very small plates or sub-plates. Farther inland, the subducting plate reaches depths where it sweats hot water. This plate is moving north east towards the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The Guerrero and Oaxaca regions of southern Mexico also experience regular SSEs. Some parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal igneous magma chamber rocks that represent the eroded remnants of an ancient subduction zone, when volcanoes similar to those found in the modern Cascade Mountains extended southward all the way through California. Katmai volcano did collapse, but unlike Mt. The addition of water to the hot mantle lowers the rockss melting point and leads to the formation of magma (flux melting) (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). Solids and gases are also part of the mix. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created from magma derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by decompression as hot mantle rock from depth is moved toward the surface (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). National Park Service sites in the Cascades reveal colorful landscapes that result from a varity of volcanic processes. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. The Cascades are the modern volcanic arc developing where the Juan de Fuca Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. Garibaldi to Lassen Peak, coincides with the north-to-south extent of the subducting plate boundary. Forty million years ago, a large tectonic plate, known as the Farallon Plate, was between the Pacific and North American plates. Drum (right). St. Helens. Transform Plate Boundaries - Geology (U.S. National Park Service)

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