By around 1960, modern-day I-215 was built and Route 66 traffic used this instead. Mark Landis is a freelance writer. This fact continues north from the Cajon Summitand into Victorville. There is only one significant opening through this barrier the Cajon Pass. He can be reached at Historyinca@yahoo.com. Fontana Build a lot of moderately-priced exciting rides and have plenty of paths to hold your guests and you should be fine. It isnt until the Palmdale Road exit in Victorville where the old alignment of 66 can be found as it follows 7th Street into downtown. (Route 66) for 0.4 mi. The historic Summit Inn, off the Oak Hills exit at the summit of the pass, was a historic Route 66 diner and was in the same location from 1952 to 2016, when it was destroyed by the Blue Cut fire. After the towers, the road was completely obliterated when the larger road cuts were dug for I-15s southbound lanes. A short distance later, the road crosses a bridge with an old cement guardrail. Its early in the [2023] season, and so far, only 5 hikers have checked in here., Only about half of the hikers stop in Wrightwood, the rest usually just pass by on the ridge above town, Troeger said. San Bernardino Mountains, and, as an additional element, the famous San Andreas Fault runs across the Pass too. Now, you can see painted high shields all along the old highway and other road departments along the highways entire route are now using the same idea. Do stagnant California credit scores suggest consumer struggles? It is also a popular with a certain group of people that like to meet each other. In the 1930s, this was also the spot where authorities stopped refugees from the Dustbowl regions of the mid-west that were looking for a better life in California. The BNSF Railway owns two tracks and began to operate a third main track in the summer of 2008. A few hundred feet beyond the second set of lanes is where you can find the old pavement of Route 66, but it is hard to locate because it is hidden in thick brush. It can be traveled in either direction, however since it is on a rough dirt road, it might be easier to travel downhill. Just ahead is the old Summit Inn, past the modern Chevron gas station. 126 talking about this. This road avoids Summit Pass, going through the "real" Cajon Pass. This road was the two-lane alignment of Route 66. between the east and westbound lanes of I-15 -see the map above, it is shown in Black. $8.25 + Roast Beef Sandwich . 1-909-382-2851 Thursday thru Monday. San Bernardino, CA 92408 Day Hiking 4 players. 523 (behind Municipal Bldg) Hours: dawn to dusk (except the lighted areas of the park which are lit until 10:00 PM) Facilities: One (1) softball field (lighted) Two (2) softball/t-ball fields (no lights) Three (3) tennis courts (lighted) One (1) basketball court (lighted) Playground (ages 4 to 12) Snow accumulates on the peaks during winter as well as rainfall which feeds rivers that flow The Pickleball Club will be bringing a 40,000-square-foot indoor pickleball facility to Pinellas Park. Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for The first attempt to build a railroad line through Cajon Pass was in 1875, when the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad Company sought to connect the silver mines in central California's Owens Valley to Santa Monica on the Pacific Coast. However, most of the four lane portion is still intact and drivable in the southern half of the pass. The freeway runs above and parallel to an original stretch of historic Route 66 and U.S. Route 395. Route 66 crosses at this point to the north of the eastbound lanes of I-15 and, here, at the summit, there is a small section of the original Route 66 that survived, it is sandwiched Whether you enjoy history, a train buff, looking at geology or youre a Route 66 fan, the Cajon Pass has a lot to offer. The mountain range is located to the north of Los Angeles and has a east - west orientation. It is here, in the middle of the curve, 1 mile south of the Blue Cut marker that you can spot the remains of what once through Cajon Pass that year. Yellow, shows the course of the San Andreas Fault in Cajon Pass (between Victorville and San Bernardino). 2022.7.1; cricket venues in west indies 2022; Tweet; Share +1; Hatena; RSS . The year 1930 is stamped on the side. The two lane road was upgraded to four lanes (two lanes in each direction) in 1950. Be aware that if you are reading this after 2015, the freeway intersection has been rebuilt. Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for Below is another comparison between the site of the Meeker Garage(across the street from the gas station) as it looked in 2012. 5319 Orange Ave, San Diego. Click Here for an overview of Route 66 across the state of California. Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for at [23] The route was not initially considered by the project's preceding operators, as it was seen as prohibitively expensive. These pickleball court listings were all submitted by members of GPN. pickle park cajon pass. the temperatures and increase the day - night amplitude. Tuesday, 2:30 p.m. - 10 p.m. (DPR . Download the map PDF. Towns > Rainfall is lowest from May to September less than 0.1 in (0.3 mm) monthly, January is the wettest month. Cajon Creek was channelized to prevent flooding (but the 1938 floods washed out the road in Blue Cut, leading to it Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for A few hundred yards from where it starts (here - see map), is a concrete bridge built in 1930 as attested by the date stamped in the concrete. And it is now Route 66, which had been created in 1926, using the alignment of the N.O.T. At this point, Route 66 is out of the Cajon Pass and now in the San Bernardino Valley. Our virtual video tour will show the alignment that Route 66 followed through the Cajon Pass from north to south since its inception in 1926. The economy of the desert community in pioneer days was, and still is for that matter, tied inextricably to the road through Cajon Pass. Route 66s alignment took a much longer sweep or arc then I-15 and then snaked back again to take advantage of an even gentler sloop then what I-15 uses today. In 1930, the alignment through the northern half of the pass was modified by digging large road cuts, which was quite a feat in those days. Here is where you can begin driving sections of the old Route 66 alignment. Across the street from the gas station is where several businesses that used to service Route 66 travelers starting in the 1930s. Price: Indoor courts can be reserved for a rate of $12 for two hours of play anytime Monday - Friday, 11 a.m. - 3p.m. They can browse the granite plaques on the two large monuments built in 1917 and 2019, and they can sit at the rugged 1919 concrete picnic table brought back to the site in 2021. After Camp Cajon, Santa Fe Rd. The easiest way to access the area is from the S.R. here (see map), at Cajon, beside the Cleghorn Exit from I-15 at the northern terminus of North Cajon Blvd. Register for a Pickleball Membership. The intersection of I-15 and S.R. The map also shows the road described below, which was the old road, as a secondary option. The new kiosk will offer more history to visitors of the historic site in the Cajon Pass. Youll see the sign pointing the way to Historic Route 66. Most PCT thru-hikers begin the trek in spring, and finish in late summer or early fall. Cajon Canyon is shown with the 1989 Cajon Pass runaway 29 years later Thunderbolt 1000 Siren Productions 111K subscribers Subscribe 1.6M views 4 years ago 4/12/20: Over 1 million views! About 2.5 miles from the off-ramp, Route 66 makes a large turn to the right (west) following Cajon Wash. amzn_assoc_width = 160; See the virtual tour for aerial images of this area showing where the old alignments are located. The 3.0% grade for a few miles on the south track is challenging for long trains, making the westbound descent dangerous, as a runaway can occur if the engineer is not careful in handling the brakes. than a billion board feet of merchantable timber sugar and Jeffrey pine, big cone spruce, incense cedar and tamarack, among other species. at California, Historic, Road Trips Easy, Route 66, San Andreas Fault, Season: Fall, Season: Spring. The name of the pass is derived from the Spanish land grant encompassing the area; it was first referred to in English on an 1852 map. This is the site of the now defunct Meekers Cafe. Located to the north and northeast of San Bernardino their highest peak is San Gorgonio Mountain at 11,489 feet (3.502 m). The plates jam in some sections and tension builds up until the rock fails deep in the Earth's crust, causing the plates to jump into position again and releasing all the pent up energy These rocks, located on the north side of the highway, are sandstone formation that has been exposed by the rifting caused by The San Andreas Fault. ), a vast, sun-scorched expanse of mesquite and scattered yucca trees. Beyond the end of the road, you can see the old pavement of the divided highway that met up with the portion you saw when you turned left on Kenwood Avenue. Now, youre back on old 66. Behind the diners is an older alignment of Route 66 before the divided highway was constructed in the 1950s. Notice the two cuttings left and right (white rock) blasted to make way for State Hwy 138, they were not in the old photo. $35per month. ) or https:// means you've safely In 1861, anentrepreneur named John Brown built a wagon toll road through the Cajon Pass which would influence later roads through the Cajon. amzn_assoc_theme = "light"; View of the San Gabriel Mountains seen from Cajon Pass, Route 66. Monday - Friday. 8:00 AM - Noon. 2. was 1 mile aheadland then camee an "18% grade" towards "Cajon Staton which was 5 miles south, followed, one mile away by "Cozy Dell Store the road crossed Santa Fe Railroad(AT&SF now BNSF) built the first railroad through the Cajon Pass in the early 1880s. The pass had been used during thousands of years by the Native American people who lived in the area. As mentioned, most of Route 66s old alignment was erased when I-15 was built. US 66 crosses rolling desert country again toward immense blue ranges. Ongoing support for Camp Cajon is provided by Ultimate Internet Access in Wrightwood, with routine flag changes on the monument, and CR&R Environmental Services provides trash service at the site. Cajon Pass, Cajon Pass is not a town or a village, it is a Mountain Pass between the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, used for thousands of years, it is the place A stone building was built by the Elks Club. The 1912 Automobile Club of Southern California showed the N.O.T. Here, Route 66 roughly crossed where I-15 sits now and connects with roads that still exist on the other side. From there it was 6 miles to Devore that had a "Gas Sta.". The four panels will display: an introduction to Camp Cajon; a map of Camp Cajon, showing the layout and facilities; a history of the historic roads and trails through the area; and a description of artifacts, and new activities at Camp Cajon. Cajon Pass hour by hour weather outlook with 48 hour view projecting temperatures, sky conditions, rain or snow chance, dew-point, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind direction with speed. It was built in the center of the Cajon Pass as a welcoming center to Southern California, where early motorists could rest from their journey across the desert. Once you reach Cajon Blvd. The Meekers moved to Cajon Pass in 1918 and opened a gas station, restaurant, motel (Meekers Sunrise Cabins) and grocery store on the brand new state highway between San Bernardino and The white masonry monument has a plaque that says "Erected in 1917 in honor of the brave pioneers of California who traveled the Santa Fe and Salt Lake Trail in 1849 8 courts. The last building, a cafe, was razed in the late 1990s. N.O.T. These groups continue to support and fund ongoing projects at the site, that allow visitors to see relics from the camps early years and learn about the regions history. Pickle Park is pay-per-ride which is honestly way easier than the alternative. The wind is typically out of the west, although in Santa Ana and other weather conditions it may be out of the north or the southeast. The Cajon Pass has a long history when it comes to transportation. along Summit Valley into Cajon Pass. It would be the AT&SFline, from Chicago to Los Angeles, that Route 66 would eventually follow. Campground Camping The old Toll Road passed through here. It is maintained principally for watershed protection. On the left, youll see a couple of diners that used to exist on the old road. In 1849, a group of Mormon emigrants traveling from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles entered the Cajon Pass about a half mile east of the summit of the 15 freeway. The following year A &P upped the bet and started building a line westwards towards Barstow, forcing SP to sell them the Mojave line. ", "Earthquake source scaling relationships from 1 to 5 ML using seismograms recorded at 2.5-km depth", A photographic report of Tehachapi and Cajon Pass (May, 2012), U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cajon Pass, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad, Cajon Subdivision, Devore, San Bernardino County, CA, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad, Cajon Subdivision, Tunnel No. This short section of the PCT through the rugged Crowder Canyon, once known as Coyote Canyon, is brimming with history. unites with US 66 for about 30 miles southward. Created by the movements of the San Andreas Fault, it has an elevation of 3,777ft (1,151m). In the 1830s, Spanish traders began using the trail as a trading route. "Cosy Dell Store" (now written with an "s") is still there. This season, the PCT hikers will have something new to ponder at Camp Cajon; the recently installed informational kiosk that features a roof-mounted display of road shields and trail markers. It will parallel I-15 and pass underneath the aforementioned railroad bridges. Cajon Pass itself is located at the head of Horsethief Canyon on California State Route 138. Understandably, they probably didnt notice the small patches of pavement on the trail between miles 341 and 342, but that chunky old asphalt is part of the National Old Trails Road, the nations first Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, opened in 1912. The trail through this canyon was so difficult, the wagons had to be dismantled and carried over the roughest, boulder-strewn sections. Scroll down to see and shop for items related to Route 66 from Amazon. 602 S. Tippecanoe Ave. Some go to great lengths to get that perfect shot, and there are consequently tons of sites on the web showing photographs of Cajon . He almost lost his life and it resulted in the loss of one of his eyes. The origins of the trail through Crowder Canyon began centuries ago, when it was used as a Native American footpath between the desert and inland valleys. Bristol was an unwavering promotor of the region, and he knew that placing a well-equipped rest stop at this location would give the newly motorized public a favorable first impression of the region. To reach Camp Cajon, take the 15 Freeway to the Highway 138 exit. The pass road is 31.70km (19.7 miles) long, running west-south from Cajon Junction to Crestline. With a cool climate and the unique Mojave Desert landscape, this small California town provides visitors with breathtaking scenery and sunsets. The second track, built in 1913, is 2 miles (3.2km) longer to get a lower 2.2% grade. ), is an PICKELL PARK Location: Mountain Rd. North America, moves south. followed by state Hwy. Half of the trip is on an improved dirt road and the other half is on pavement (highway 138). Turkey, bacon, avocado, egg and feta cheese on bed of keberg lettuce. Take this road heading north. Explore! The Cajon Pass segment of I-15 was named the deadliest road in California.[24]. Tarzana Recreation Center - Fee based, 2 courts, portable nets . US 66 makes its descent in a series of twisting slopes. TheRoute-66.com is the ultimate Travel Guide for planning the road trip of your life driving along Route 66. The first part of this route is a dirt road and requires a high clearance vehicle, the southern part is paved. Local orange grower William Bristol came up with the idea for Camp Cajon while he was attending the dedication of the Santa Fe and Salt Lake Trail monument in the Cajon Pass in 1917. The average high temperatuer during summer (July) is 85F (30C), and in winter (Jan) it is 51F (11C). Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock It continues switching to other roads through the heart of Los Angeles until its end in Santa Monica. Oro Grande Nothing remains of this spot located at We describe the route westbound, from Exit 140 on I-15 to the junction of I-15 and I-215. and head south to mee the old US 66 again. A 20-mile length of track was completed between Santa Monica and Los Angeles, with plans to extend the . Cajon Pass was the site of a major accident on December 14, 1994, when a westbound Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe intermodal train lost control and crashed into the rear of a westbound Union Pacific coal train just below California Highway 138, between Alray and Cajon. The kiosk will provide information, photos, and maps that tie together the history of the site and the region. This was the pre-1950s alignment of 66. In the early 1900s, the use of the automobile had grown considerably and better roads were needed, so the National Old Trails (N.O.T.) It's highest peak is Mount San Antonio (Mt. The 215 freeway from Colton to San . at It is high so it gets more rain than the lower areas to the north, this also helps to reduce The slip is about 0.9 in per year (4.5 cm). The old road was chopped off by the more modern freeways. A Guide to the Golden State, Target Shooting Today, the pass is traversed by a lot of roads, making for easy access. Built originally in 1861, it was later improved for. However, A &P (which later was absorbed by the Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad), had just crossed the Colorado River at Needles in 1883 so both lines met there. See news video, a great loss. them here (see map), becoming an electrical maintenance road that curves south, passsing under I-15 as Santa Fe Rd. and it had been widened to a four lane divided highway in 1955 from the south to this point. Only the sign has survived: Summit Inn sign, all that remains of the cafe. The Cajon Pass area is on the Pacific Crest Trail. US 66 now sweeps across BALDY MESA (3,000 alt. Traffic grew, peaking in 1960: over 1.1 million travellers passed Refugees were kept here for a few days to a few weeks while authorities did background checks on the refugees. The Camp Cajon team also provides guided walking tours of the historic site. This year (2010) it's been a particularly nice year for the lupine and bush poppies. The revitalized Camp Cajon historic site in the Cajon Pass has a new informational kiosk that will be used to display the fascinating history of the area, and provide visitors with a glimpse into the early days of travel through the region. by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration, Hastings House, New York, 1939. the junction with the Swarthout Canyon Rd. The Mormon Road, established in the 1840s,originatedin Salt Lake City. They were uplifted some 11 M. years ago by the San Andreas Fault and are still rising. You can drive on this old alignment by going back towards the off-ramp and then make a hard right turn just after the fire station. Immediately, transition into the left lanes and continue straight on I-215 towards San Bernardino. Black: the old alignment of US 66 that now lies between the lanes of I-15. The courts will be closed during installation; tentatively one to two weeks. $8.50 + Turkey Sandwich. Some hikers do sections of the trail and complete the entire trail over a period of years. Motels and Hotels close to Victorville, California, >> Check out the RV campground in San Bernardino. A small lake, named Lost Lake, which was created by the fault, is located roughly a mile up the valley from Blue Cut. Cajon Pass is notorious for high winds, particularly during Santa Ana wind season, with gusts of wind up to 60 miles per hour (97km/h). In 1885 A&P continued south, from Barstow to San Bernardino going across Cajon Pass. Browns toll road was the first maintained wagon road through the pass, and the section through Crowder Canyon was subject to washouts from heavy rains and floods. The Union Pacific Railroad owns one track through the pass, on the previous Southern Pacific Railroad Palmdale cutoff, opened in 1967. Just a few miles away Bear Valley Road in Apple Valley came in ninth with 13 deadly collisions. You can reach it from the eastbound lanes here (see map). Many Las Vegas performers stopped by here 2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cajon_Pass&oldid=1152204361. Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for The 1938 flood razed the place burying it under tons of sand and rock. at Exit 131, head west along Hwy 138 to see the Mormon Rocks formation. The Pacific Crest Trail is a relative newcomer to the Cajon Pass, having been officially established as a National Scenic Trail in 1968, but its importance is growing every year. States > California > When you pass by here, you may see several parked cars here or people walking around. Learn more about Camp Cajon and the ongoing projects at: https://www.facebook.com/campcajonmonument. However, as of 2014, this section of Route 66 is being modified along with the I-15 and I-215 freeway intersection and will result in a historic reconnection of Route 66. was a Union 76 Service Station in the 1950s. This map shows how to get there. Route 66. The revitalized Camp Cajon site sits on the 1953 alignment of Route 66, now Wagon Train Road, which was abandoned when the 15 Freeway opened in 1970. [CDATA[ Located in the Mojave Desert, the pass is an important link from the Greater San . In the canyon, the old highway was barely one Model T wide, and cars would often have to back up to a wider spot on the precarious road to pass. At this point, the dirt road sits on top of the old Route 66 roadbed. Read more about this part of Cajon history on our Forgotten Path of Route 66 tour. A McDonald's restaurant was also burned but the damage was minor. This wall was built in the 1930s. Discovered by Prof. Andrew Lawson in 1895, it was named after the San Andreas Valley. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; Melville: 515 Broadhollow Road. South of this point, the road curves back towards the southeast and approaches I-15, heading towards San Bernardino but it ends at a cutoff at Kenwood Ave. To continue Sadly however, those signs were constantly being stolen. Your credit card payment is safe and easy using PayPal. Only the southbound/westbound lanes are in use; the northbound/eastbound lanes and corresponding bridges are closed to through traffic. To continue your journey on 66, enter I-15 southbound at Kenwood Ave. The average low during summer (Jul) is 64F (18C) and in winter (Jan) 37F (3C). See the map of this road. On August 21, 2018, a train carrying hazardous materials derailed, causing a, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 20:40. Just north of where the north and southbound lanes of I-15 rejoin near the runaway truck ramp is where the old road crossed and headed toward the first (most northern) railroad bridge. The Camp Cajon team commissioned Jean-Guy Dub, renowned architectural historian, author, draftsman and lecturer, to create a historically accurate map of the Camp Cajon area, circa 1931, to be displayed in panel No. National Old Trails Road opened in 1913 and it became the nations first Ocean-to-Ocean Highway. Auto traffic into the region increased dramatically in the early 1900s, and National Old Trails Road in 1926 became Route 66. Success, start your free download! Smithtown: 62 Lake Ave S. (631) 382-7425. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; The pass had been used during thousands of years by the Native American people who lived in the area. Informational flyers are available from a brochure box, and visitors can also scan a QR code on the box to link to the Camp Cajon Facebook page. The following color key applies: Pale Blue: Driveable 1926 to 1952 Route 66 alignment. Nothing remains of the place except some tables now found at Lytle Creek Park in San Bernardino. Frank Browns crew also moved the original Camp Cajon concrete table from Lytle Creek Park in San Bernardino back to the Camp Cajon site in June 2021. Is Cajon Pass open? The kiosks rooftop display carries the shields of the primary roads and trails that pass by the site, including the early version of the Pacific Crest Trail shield. Interpretive Areas Map showing recreational areas. Turn right at the end of the off-ramp. It is along this stretch of road, accessible via either the Kenwood Avenue or Cleghorn Road exits that some of the best trainspotting areas are found. until the Oak Hill Rd. Stop to see the Blue Cut Trail Marker. making it easier to use. If you plan on driving this dirt road, be aware that it is popular with dirt bikes so be prepared to encounter fast moving small motorcycles. The Camp Cajon project has been a collaboration by the surrounding communities and local agencies from the start, and the kiosk was a continuation of that teamwork. [18] The railroads share track rights through the pass ever since the Union Pacific gained track rights on the Santa Fe portion negotiated under the original Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. Durham Parks and Recreation (DPR) has assigned designated times for tennis and pickleball players to share the outdoor courts. The wide area youll see on the right side of the road is the old Blue Cut rest area that was built when the divided highway was built. The ARROWHEAD, a natural phenomenon on the face of Arrowhead Peak, is visible at 75.2 m. At 75.3 m. US 66 broad and palm-lined, turns R., dividing the at 138 just east of I-15 is a road named Wagon Train Roadthat parallels I-15 and leads south to aMcDonalds anda gas station. bath and toilet facilities. Victorville. The miners and ranchers, as well as the immigrants and . View of the San Gabriel Mountains seen from Cajon Pass. In Santa Ana conditions, up- and downdrafts can become violent northeast of Ontario Airport, and turbulence can be experienced east to the Banning Pass, well known for turbulence. // ]]> To drive the southern half of the Cajon Pass on the original alignment of Route 66, enter southbound I-15 from S.R. Elevation 4,300 ft (1.311 m). Finally, with the age of Interstate highways, the eight lane I-15 freeway was built around 1967. I can't thank you guys enough for. THE TOLL ROAD THROUGH CAJON PASS. [15] In the 2006 Mercy Air 2 accident, an air ambulance helicopter collided with mountainous terrain near the pass in foggy weather. When you get to the end of the off-ramp, turn right. In 1926, along with other route numbers U.S. 91 and 395, it was designated U.S. 66. The 1924 map has the main road bypassing Hesperia (which then became the US 66 and I-15 alignment), and ths summit "Cajon Pass EL 4250'" half a mile after the road leaves the desert. Lytle Creek - Cajon Pass Recreation Area, Areas for According to the Pacific Crest Trail Association, a total of 7,200 permits were issued in 2021 to hike the PCT, including thru-hike and section-hike permits. Although there doesnt seem to be much to see in the Cajon Pass, there actually isquite a bit. Large. Tornado Risk: read more about Tornado Risk along Route66. that we describe in our San Bernardino page. Mark Landis is a freelance writer for the Sun. Map Information, Areas for Victorville This became the logical Maps and aerial photos will show wh. 138 and take the next exit named Cleghorn Road. [30][31] When any closure is total, California Highway Patrols often provide escorts through the pass as the Interstate 15 is a major artery for the High Desert region. An abundance of outdoor activities such as hiking, horseback . He can be reached at Historyinca@yahoo.com. The Hesperia Lake Park is definitely worth a visit as many of the town's festivals and events are held here! So you will have to get on to I-15 westbound here. Vintage postcard - 1940 and the other is from the book, Route 66 in California by Glen Duncan (See Photograph). 1209 Lytle Creek Road. Railroads included in this map: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; BNSF Railway; Metrolink; Southern Pacific; Union Pacific.

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