What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel sumps? Type II fluids are designed for use on an aircraft with take-off rotation speeds of 100 to 110 knots or more and may be applied when substantial time is anticipated between deicing and take-off. An awareness of the most common mistakes will have you mindful and vigilant on your next flight. 0000041338 00000 n If Im not required to make any calls at a pilot-controlled field, should I announce that Im taxiing? one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. Hazard Identification. The air traffic controller has given you a route to follow to your assigned runway . List at least three possible hazards associated with the ground operations of aircraft. Hydraulic lock in radial engines. 2175 0 obj <>stream Always check for full movement of the controls after deicing. 0000012043 00000 n decrease the threat of runway transgressions? 0000042021 00000 n What does the number 100 signify in 100LL aviation gasoline? Since movement on an airport's surface involves coordination, While the movement of the aircraft is our primary concern, there remain some, Finally, while taxiing seems straight forward, it can also be an art, with, Once your engine has started you must be aware of what you're doing and keep a visual scan, your "flight" has begun, It may be required initially to tow the aircraft before engines are started to be safe, Steering is accomplished with rudder pedals and brakes, The pilot applies the rudder in the desired direction of turn and use the appropriate power or brake to control the taxi speed, To tighten the turn after full pedal deflection is reached, the brake may be applied as needed, When first beginning to taxi, conduct a check of braking effectiveness, Release the brakes, and add power as required to allow the airplane to begin moving forward, Reduce the power to idle and depress the top portion of one side, then the other, to confirm proper function and reaction of both brakes, Be mindful of the area around you (in front, behind, and to the sides), especially if you're in a congested ramp, Checking brakes individually is ideal, but checking them together, if required, will suffice, Apply pressure sufficiently enough to cause the airplane to abruptly dip, or to a full stop if desired, If unsatisfactory, bring the airplane to a stop and consider taxi maneuvers (such as a loop) to maintain position on the airfield, To verify steering, depress the rudder pedal in the direction of turn desired, Verify that the airplane responds properly to the rudder pedal input, Make sure to check the braking and steering for each position that may need to use them (i.e., both seats), More engine power may be required to start the airplane moving forward, or to start a turn, than is required to keep it moving in any given direction, When using additional power, the throttle should immediately be retarded once the airplane begins moving to prevent excessive acceleration, The rudder pedal should be held in the direction of the turn until just short of the point where the turn is to be stopped, Rudder pressure is then released or opposite pressure is applied as needed, When stopping the airplane, it is advisable to always stop with the nosewheel straight ahead to relieve any side load on the nosewheel and to make it easier to start moving ahead, During crosswind taxiing, even the nosewheel-type airplane has some tendency to weathervane, However, the weathervaning tendency is less than in tailwheel-type airplanes because the main wheels are located behind the airplane's center of gravity, and the nosewheel's ground friction helps to resist the tendency, The nosewheel linkage from the rudder pedals provides adequate steering control for safe and efficient ground handling, and normally, only rudder pressure is necessary to correct for a crosswind, Downwind taxiing usually requires less engine power after the initial ground roll is begun, since the wind is pushing the airplane forward, To avoid overheating the brakes and controlling the airplane's speed when taxiing downwind, the pilot must keep engine power to a minimum, Rather than continuously riding the brakes to control speed, it is appropriate to apply brakes only occasionally, Avoid resting toes on the brakes, resulting in unnecessarily dragging the brakes, Other than sharp turns at low speed, the throttle should always be at idle before the brakes are applied, When taxiing at appropriate speeds in no-wind conditions, the aileron and elevator control surfaces have minimal effect on directional control of the airplane, These controls should not be considered steering devices and should be held in a neutral position, The presence of moderate to strong winds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes use of the aileron and elevator necessary to maintain control of the aircraft's roll/pitch while taxiing, This becomes apparent when considering the lifting action that may be created on the horizontal tail surfaces by either of those two factors, The elevator control in nosewheel-type airplanes should be held in the neutral position, while in tailwheel-type airplanes, it should be held in the full aft position to hold the tail down, When taxiing with a quartering tailwind, the elevator should be held in the DOWN position, and the upwind aileron, DOWN, Since the wind is striking the airplane from behind, these control positions reduce the tendency of the wind to get under the tail and the wing and to nose the airplane over, When taxiing with a quartering headwind, the wing on the upwind side (the side that the wind is coming from) tends to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction (upwind aileron UP), Moving the aileron into the UP position reduces the effect of the wind striking that wing, thus reducing the lifting action, This control movement also causes the downwind aileron to be placed in the DOWN position, thus a small amount of lift and drag on the downwind wing, further reducing the tendency of the upwind wing to rise, Clearances are required prior to moving an aircraft or vehicle onto the movement area during the hours an, The movement area is normally described in local bulletins issued by the airport manager or air, These bulletins may be found in FSSs, fixed base operators offices, air carrier offices, and operations offices, A clearance must be obtained prior to taxiing on a runway, taking off, or landing during the hours an Airport Traffic Control Tower is in operation, When assigned a takeoff runway, ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, This does not authorize the aircraft to "enter" or "cross" the assigned departure runway at any point, In order to preclude misunderstandings in radio communications, ATC will not use the word "cleared" in conjunction with authorization for aircraft to taxi, ATC will issue an explicit clearance for all runway crossings, If a pilot is expected to hold short of a runway approach/departure (Runway XX APPCH/Runway XX DEP) hold area or ILS holding position (see FIG 2-3-15, Taxiways Located in Runway Approach Area), ATC will issue instructions, ARTCC clearances are relayed to pilots by airport traffic controllers in the following manner, Normally, an ATC IFR clearance is relayed to a pilot by the ground controller. Snow and slush can obscure pavement markings. 0000041365 00000 n Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel. 0000026526 00000 n Traction, braking, and directional control are reduced. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. While a national effort is underway to reduce runway transgressions, An airport is a complex interface between the air and the ground environments, where access must be controlled and separation between aircraft or between aircraft and vehicular traffic must be maintained and optimised. As the signalman faces the aircraft, the nose of the aircraft is on the left. Flooding at Fort Lauderdale Airport Causes Cancellations, Diamonds DA40 NG Just Might Be What the General Aviation Market Is Clamoring For. Following a runway transgression one ASRS reporter offered: Because of the lack of these markings In the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). we hope to offer a few practical suggestions towards eliminating future taxi-related UNICOM and other aircraft; While taxiing for takeoff, observe and report all wildlife activity; Delay takeoff if birds or mammals are reported or observed . Towards a more sustainable ground traffic management. What Does a Pilot Require To Remain Current in an Aircraft Requiring a Type Rating? Continue searching. This will affect the promulgation of procedures and the required qualification for those occupying the flight crew seats on the aircraft during the manoeuvre. It is a good practice to perform a foolproof test to be sure the pilot can see all signals. What are some of the possible outcomes of using a lower grade avgas than the specified grade? If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. 0000051048 00000 n They should: provide the appropriate clearance for the requested action, ensure that the clearance readback is accurate, to the extent possible, monitor the movement visually, via transponder or by use of. 0000002942 00000 n For anti-icing applications, this fluid is applied undiluted. [This led] to the assumption by the Captain that deicing had been completed." a deicing truck after beginning a premature taxi. 0000061388 00000 n First Officer stated: To be really effective the airport 0 Whether you're using aircraft recovery dollies or towbarless tugs, it's important to use the right GSE (with the right towing capacity) for the job. Taxiing is the movement of an aircraft on the ground, under its own power, in contrast to towing or pushback where the aircraft is moved by a tug, The aircraft usually moves on wheels, but the term also includes aircraft with skis or floats, An airplane uses taxiways to taxi from one place on an airport to another; for example, when moving from a Type II fluids have a higher viscosity than Type I fluids due to the addition of thickening agents. These accidents and incidents can lead to property damage, injuries, and even death. salute from the ground crew. You might sound weird, but it beats getting a verbal lashing from the tower. 0000250038 00000 n The controversy over restricting the use of aircraft deicing fluid at airport gates started with EPA's proposal to exempt the associated wastewater from new collection and treatment requirements by limiting deicing for safe taxiing to the use of a maximum of 25 gal (95 L) of fluid. 0000012070 00000 n Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. Most instructors teach that the proper speed for a taxi is nothing more than a brisk walk. Watch for obscured surface markings; snow and slush can obscure pavement markings and create a runway incursion hazard or cause you to taxi off the taxiway and onto a soft embankment. 0000250238 00000 n 0000194171 00000 n One noted problem is Vehicle operators - It is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations. shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. are both monitoring that frequency. pilots should be particularly alert when taxiing on runways. These include: inappropriate use of a restricted taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan. A good flight starts with an uneventful taxi and proper set up for departure. Air transportation safety concerns and advisories. Hazard identification is the process used to identify hazards.. ICAO Requirements. Security requirements when applying for a Foreign Air Operator Certificate. hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. 0000011606 00000 n 0000151754 00000 n If clearance is not understood, ASK! a runway transgression occurred because the Captain did not hear the clearance Have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, and make sure you have a solid footing. When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the Transport Canada is closely monitoring the COVID-19 situation. 0000249260 00000 n ASRS reports reveal that some precautions The following section provides detailed instructions on taxi signals and related taxi instructions. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. problems. The FAA is urging pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued such clearances. This prevention is dependant upon appropriate training and testing, compliance with clearances, published procedures and right-of-way rules, maintaining situational awareness and adapting speed of movement to suit the weather and surface conditions. Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. 0000152748 00000 n 0000247884 00000 n All rights reserved. Read reports on Transportation Safety Board investigations into specific aviation safety issues. Keep a constant vigil on the state of your anti-icing protection during ground operations in active freezing precipitation. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Can weight and balance information 0000249139 00000 n Also, ensure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airplanes, and have a fire guard nearby. Accident and investigation details, maps, information for media. 0000153503 00000 n 0000152436 00000 n The idea is that the tower or ATC would see this abnormality and be able to intervene without the hi-jacker knowing that anyone had been tipped off. Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. Tug operators - Tug operators have the additional responsibility of moving aircraft on and off gates as well as positioning aircraft from one location on the airfield to another. Captain may not hear or comprehend "hold short" clearances. Nevertheless, because of their high viscosity, Type II, III, & IV fluids may continue to adhere to some parts of the aircraft during rotation and take-off. Runway transgressions can be deadly. Ground will respond with your instructions: ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and then state any required hold short instructions, ATC is required to issue "hold shorts" or "cleared to cross" on any runway active or not in between you and your destination, Note that closed runways still required a cleared to cross call. Aviation safety recommendations. These agents enable Type II fluids to remain on the aircraft surface during standing, taxi, and other low speed operations and to rapidly flow off due to wind shearing forces during take-off roll. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. help combat these traps. HGI +n Sh/3R_\l/s`}$xzjh*d3>Y",^Y>@ TSdB$C-)ZetV % :`j@HTPrFL@we[e|TuJ!s|3Kv SJd>|GRHkHVd(MZkzI%(P6}Ylr IV]e MOgc5zCWBndn V. when pilots were instructed to taxi on inactive runways. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" B735, Newark NJ USA, 2006. Every three weeks our team of flight instructors shares advice and video tips to help you become a safer pilot. Some taxi-related Describe the precautions that should be taken to protect life and property while starting and running an aircraft engine. others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed distractions contributed to their runway transgression. Small general aviation aircraft should never use thickened fluids - especially Type II & IV but also Type III in most cases - because their rotation speeds are not high enough to completely shear the fluid off the wing. Riding the brakes while taxiing can lead to excessive wear on the pads and rotors and can generate excessive heat. A few ASRS reports indicate that One ASRS Description. And as always, if you start to get an uneasy feeling about where you are or where youre supposed to go, ask the controller for clarification. But as you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway as a taxiway. Sometimes Wildlife hazards during approach and landing should be treated like any other flight safety hazardif any doubt exists concerning safety, delay your landing until conditions are right. Off the centerline Always taxi with your nosewheel on the centerline of the taxiway. instructions are being issued. [Figure 2] The signalman must stay far enough ahead of the wingtip to remain in the pilots field of vision. (a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil . Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. frame works fine. The SAE in conjunction with the FAA, Transport Canada, airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and producers of deicing fluids develop and publish specific procedures for aircraft ground deicing. Proper effective scanning for other aircraft, surface vehicles, or other objects should be continuously exercised in all cases, At those airports where the U.S. Government operates the control tower and ATC has authorized noncompliance with the requirement for two-way radio communications while operating within the Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, or at those airports where the U.S. Government does not operate the control tower and radio communications cannot be established, pilots must obtain a clearance by visual light signal prior to taxiing on a runway and prior to takeoff and landing, Leaning the mixture could be helpful to save fuel, avoid fouled spark plugs, and reduce emissions when using 100LL during long taxi's or long waits for takeoff, If leaning, always remember to move the mixture back to rich before takeoff, Taxi speed is not explicitly regulated; however, common sense must apply so as not to operate in a "careless or reckless manner" (, While on a ramp, you should not taxi any faster than one can walk, While on a taxiway, you should not taxi faster than one can jog, When entering a turn, be mindful of the stress you are placing on the landing gear as you turn, Care must be exercised when taxiing at night, in low visibility, or toward the sun to remain situational awareness as to where you are and what is around you, This means half the speed and twice the caution, Runways are generally flat surfaces however small changes in elevation will impact the speed at which the aircraft moves, You will require more power uphill and less downhill, Every turn you make will impact the amount of power required to some degree, It is unlikely however, that you'll need to adjust than around 100 RPM to overcome to effects of slope, Avoid taxiing over any noticable dips on the surface that could put undue stress on the landing gear, or damage wheel pants, if applicable, If taxiing in cold weather conditions such as snow, ice, or slush, avoid taxiing over contaminated surfaces, if possible, If slush or ice is suspected to have contaminated the landing gear, consider touch-and-go's to clear ice from frozen gear, Taxi slower when objects on the surface have the potential to be kicked up onto the aircraft, Taxi speed is especially important in cold weather operations the aircraft may not only lose traction, but could kick up slush or water onto wings and control surfaces, increasing weight and possibly inhibiting range of motion, Crosswinds can effect an aircraft, even when moving at slower speeds on the ground during taxi, Moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator sometimes necessary to control pitch, Downwind taxiing will usually require less power and may require none, but do not ride the brakes, The upwind wing will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction, Weathervaning may occur as the wind effects a large portion of the aircrafts side [, This is more apparent in a tail wheel aircraft given the wheel is farther behind the center of gravity and comparatively farther from the main gear, The aileron and elevator should be positioned in such a way as to prevent undesirable effects on the aircraft, Remember the memory aid to: dive away and fly into the wind, The elevator must be neutral (for tricycle gear airplanes) or up (for tailwheel airplanes), Remember also that turns will require change the direction the wind is coming from relative to the aircraft, requiring a change in control positions, It will require a large amount of power to initially move the aircraft, As the aircraft starts to move, power must be retarded, possibly as far back as idle, to prevent continued acceleration, Steer with rudders, keeping your feet over, but not on, the breaks, Riding the brakes will reduce their lifespan and could render them less effective, Many high performance aircraft can produce enough thrust that riding the brakes may be necessary to keep the aircraft from speeding up; brake judiciously, Jet aircraft can be dangerous when exhaust is swept across an area, Reduce the power to idle in a turn, but remember an aircraft stopped in a turn takes a lot of power to get moving again, Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller, This may prevent visual confirmation of an aircraft's adherence to taxi instructions, If pilots become disoriented, it is vitally important to notify the controller immediately, Pilots should proceed with extreme caution when taxiing toward the sun, When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller, Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced "LVO SMIGS") describes an adequate example of a low visibility taxi plan for any airport which has takeoff or landing operations in less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility conditions. 0000152122 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals. legends aren t made on day shift shirt,

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