So of course, this makes it much worse as you can't just dismiss it as tabloid gossip, because it looks very professional and very convincing," he told Insider. You were the compass that steered and directed me not just me, all of us. [25][26], He also ordered flags throughout the United States flown at half-staff to pay tribute to America's first honorary citizen through the day of the funeral. The procession started upon a drum beat by the Royal Navy and was then led by the Royal Air Force and the Foot guards. [104] This would be the last state occasion Dimbleby would present because he died in December that year from cancer. When Elizabeth became Queen in 1952, Churchill, 77, was sceptical the 25-year-old was up to the job. He was laid in a grave near to his parents and his brother. The coffin was then taken along the River Thames from Tower Pier to Waterloo Station, where the dock workers bowed their cranes in salute as the boat passed by. The season three episode shows Queen Elizabeth (Olivia Colman) say an emotional goodbye to Winston Churchill (John Lithgow). Car finance with Flow Car -Configure multiple finance quotations in seconds - Manage your application entirely online - Finance a car without receiving unwanted sales calls - Get the best available rate Feed with access to over 380,000+ available vehicles nationwide for you to choose from. [9] It was not part of the plan and was initially disapproved by New Scotland Yard as an unnecessary private tribute. Politician Roy Jenkins said that Sir Winston had what he called near idolatry for Elizabeth and great respect for the monarchy. [16], Churchill died in the morning of Sunday 24 January 1965 in his home at 28 Hyde Park Gate, London, exactly 70 years after the death of his father. The last state funeral was Churchills. [31] Four majors of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars were assigned to carry Churchill's medals, orders and decorations. Just as Churchill predicted, the road to victory in World War II was long and difficult: France fell to the Nazis in June 1940. Here's a view of the crowd, lined up, Two members of the Womens Voluntary Service serve cups of tea to the crowds of people lining up to pay their respects to Winston Churchill lying in state. Out of office from 1929 to 1939, Churchill issued unheeded warnings of the threat of Nazi and Japanese aggression. [81] He had stirred a controversy as he signed Adolf Hitler's condolence book on 2 May 1945 at the German Embassy in Dublin two days after Hitler's death. Winston Churchill died on January 24, 1965, at the age of 90, according to British Heritage, following a series of strokes. He hasn't watched the series, but he knows about it.". Winston Churchill resigns as Britains prime minister - POLITICO The Queen sent a message to the House of Commons concerning the procedures for Churchill's funeral, and was read on 25 January, which ran: I know that it will be the wish of all my people that the loss which we have sustained by the death of the Right Honourable Sir Winston Churchill, K.G., should be met in the most fitting manner and that they should have an opportunity of expressing their sorrow at the loss and their veneration of the memory of that outstanding man who in war and peace served his country unfailingly for more than fifty years and in the hours of our greatest danger was the inspiring leader who strengthened and supported us all. [9][33][34], At 9:45a.m. on Saturday, 30 January, the funeral began with the chiming of Big Ben. Sir Winston Churchill won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953 for his six-volume history of World War II. Churchill had been elected to parliament in the lifetime of Queen Elizabeths great-great grandmother, Queen Victoria (he was first elected to parliament in 1900, the year before Victoria died). Insider spoke to royal historian Hugo Vickers author of the book "The Crown Dissected" who called the show "fundamentally dishonest.". [7][35] The coffin was carried from the hall by a bearer party of eight guards from the 2nd Battalion Grenadier Guards, placed on a gun carriage and draped with the Union Flag, on which was placed the insignia of the Order of the Garter on a black cushion. The great figure who embodied man's will to resist tyranny passed into history this morning. It was nerve-racking enough for the audience: watching eight young guardsmen carry the Queen's coffin through Westminster Abbey in front of 2,000 guests, and four billion viewers around the world (and then pick it back up again to heave it from Westminster Hall to the Royal Vault under St George's Chapel its final resting place). [7], As the coffin passed up the River Thames, more than 36 dockers lowered their crane jibs in a salute on the south side of the bank. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, the British leader who guided Great Britain and the Allies through the crisis of World War II, dies in London at the age of 90. After the stroke, he was mostly in a coma; his last words were to his son-in-law Christopher Soames: "I'm so bored with it all. [8], By decree of Queen Elizabeth II, his body lay in state at Westminster Hall for three days from 26 January. Winston Churchills Death And The Top-Secret Plans For His Join us for the 40th International Churchill Conference. Where would Great Britain be without its greatest Briton? Sir Winston Churchill died on 24 January 1965 70 years to the day after the death of his father. [57] Firstly, it was a common royal etiquette for the monarch to not attend funeral service outside of the royal family. Moreover, as Elizabeth IIs first prime minister he laid his vast experience at her feet, much in the manner of Lord Melbourne vis--vis the young Queen Victoria. When Churchill died, the Queen sent a message to Lady Churchill, which reads: "The whole world is the poorer by the loss of his many-sided genius while the survival of this country and the sister nations of the Commonwealth, in the face of the greatest danger that has ever threatened them, will be a perpetual memorial to his leadership, his vision, and his indomitable courage.". [38] Aged 82, Attlee was frail with ill-health but insisted he be the pallbearer as Churchill had asked him to do the honour. [38] Altogether 2,500 soldiers and civilians took part in the procession, while four half-companies of soldiers lined the streets. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, the British leader who guided Great Britain and the Allies through the crisis of World War II, dies in London at the age of 90. "The real problem about 'The Crown' is that it is lavishly produced, well written, made with good actors. The functions of all the participants were laid out with minute precision; their movements were orchestrated to the second and choreographed to the inch. The distraught queen wrote to his widow, Though he was born into a life of privilege, he dedicated himself to public service. "[10] At 9:15p.m. Churchill's body was transported from his London home to Westminster Hall for the lying in state. [9], Aboard MV Havengore, naval ratings 'piped the side' and the Royal Marine band played the musical salute Rule, Britannia! Queen Elizabeth IIs was bigger. READ MORE:10 Things You May Not Know About Winston Churchill. Churchill lay in repose in private at his home until 9:00p.m. Tuesday evening when Kenyon's staff transported his remains to Westminster Hall for public viewing. On the other hand, there was a vast gulf of years between monarch and minister. Did the Queen visit Winston Churchill on his death bead? While there, he suddenly lost sensation in his right arm and right leg. .css-gegin5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#9a0500;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-gegin5:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}The Crown's third season depicts his funeral, and the grief that the Queen felt in losing her first prime minister. No doubt part of the attraction was the attendance of Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family. In 1915, in the second year of World War I, Churchill was held responsible for the disastrous Dardanelles and Gallipoli campaigns, and he was excluded from the war coalition government. [61][62] As the funeral service was over, Queen Elizabeth II followed the Churchill family out of the cathedral. Actually, Churchills health had been in decline at least since the major stroke which felled him in June 1953. ", The Queen immediately sent a letter of condolence to Clementine Churchill, saying: "The whole world is the poorer by the loss of his many-sided genius while the survival of this country and the sister nations of the Commonwealth, in the face of the greatest danger that has ever threatened them, will be a perpetual memorial to his leadership, his vision and indomitable courage.". After Winston Churchill died, Queen Elizabeth II gave special permission for him to lie in state at Westminster Hall for three days before he was given a state Representatives from 112 countries and many organisations attended,[52] including 5 kings, 2 queens, 1 emperor, 1 grand duke, 2 queen consorts, 15 presidents, 14 prime ministers and 10 former leaders. ", A full scale rehearsal of Sir Winston Churchill's funeral is carried out in Oxfordshire. But she was certainly very fond of him and determined to honour him for his contribution to the nation. In episode eight of season two, the Queen and Prince Philip host President Kennedy and the First Lady at a Buckingham Palace dinner. Conservative Party leader Winston Churchill speaking to Princess Elizabeth at the opening of the International Youth Centre, Chigwell, London, July 12th 1951. From the MV Havengore, the coffin was borne to a black Austin Princess hearse at Festival Pier by non-commissioned soldiers of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars in No 2 Dress Uniform. He regarded Elizabeth as a child (an uneducated one at that) and she could hardly avoid seeing him as the doughty champion of her uncle Edward VIII during the abdication crisis and the charismatic leader who had eclipsed her father during the war. At 9:00p.m. the first watch was mounted in the hall by the Grenadier and Coldstream Guards. However, in 1917, he returned to politics as a cabinet member in the Liberal government of Lloyd George. He became leader of the opposition and in 1951 was again elected prime minister. "[11], Voted as the greatest Briton in a BBC poll in 2002, Sir Winston Churchill is remembered for leading his country (with the Allies) to victory as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. "And that sort of thing didn't concern him at all, he's a big enough man to take it in his stride," he added. By 8:30p.m. police and security personnel had taken up their positions in what The Daily Telegraph reported as "the most extensive security operation of this sort ever undertaken in England. He was in his 91st year. Churchills speech was the first time anyone had used that now-common phrase to describe the Communist threat. According to the joke which Lord Mountbatten liked to repeat: Winston kept living and the pallbearers kept dying.. In the afternoon he was buried at St Martin's Church, Bladon, the resting place of his ancestors and his brother. LONDON, Sunday, Jan. 24--Sir Winston Churchill is dead. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat, Churchill told the House of Commons in his first speech as prime minister. "Prince Philip was actually perfectly happy to kneel before his wife, he was brought up as a member of the Greek royal family and he knew the rules from day one. Celia remembered: "We all sat down to a subdued breakfast and listened to the radio as the announcement of his death was broadcast to the world. was issued on 26 January and implemented on 30 January 1965. After several revisions due to Churchill's continued survival (mainly because "the pallbearers kept dying", explained Lord Mountbatten), the plan was issued on 26 January 1965, two days after his death. Churchill hoped that this offensive would drive Turkey out of the war and encourage the Balkan states to join the Allies, but Turkish resistance was much stiffer than he had anticipated. [43] Walking just in front of the main pallbearers, he stumbled on the steps, making the pallbearers lose their balance, almost dropping the coffin, only being saved by two soldiers, "pushers", from the back. It reads "From the nation and the Commonwealth in grateful remembrance, Elizabeth R.". | Desmond Henley, the company's chief embalmer, went to Churchill's Hyde Park Gate home to oversee the process. Churchill's huge, lead-lined coffin made its way up the steps of St Paul's, with his old adversary Clement Attlee as one of the pallbearers (despite his own frailty) as well as Anthony Eden and Harold Macmillan. ", "A near disaster with Churchill's coffin", "Guardsman was proud to be a pallbearer for Sir Winston", "Attlee and Churchill review a deft account of a terrific double act", "Churchill and de Gaulle: Makers and Writers of History", "The fiftieth anniversary of Churchill's funeral brings many memories for trumpeter Basil King", "Sir Winston Churchill Funeral 1965 St Paul's Cathedral", "Sir Winston Churchill's Funeral: Eulogy By Sir Robert Menzies", "The Prime Minister and the General: Churchill and Eisenhower", "The death of Sir Winston Churchill and the top-secret plans for his funeral", "Queen Elizabeth II and Winston Churchill's unlikely friendship", "Revealed: Queen broke royal protocol for Winston Churchill by bestowing rare honour on PM", "5 Times Queen Elizabeth Was a Total Boss at the Royal Wedding", "Oh Joe! All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. [12] Among the few who were informed of the news was Queen Elizabeth II, who had occupied the throne for just a year. Inside Margaret's affair with Roddy Llewellyn and the collapse of her marriage, "I had nightmares for years": The real-life story behind The Crown's Aberfan episode, as told by the survivors, The story of Philip's mother and her extraordinary life, The real story behind the 1969 Royal Family documentary. And so, on this day, we thank him, and we thank God for him.[55]. Winston Churchill | Biography, World War II, Quotes, Books, & Facts Attended by representatives from 120 countries, 6,000 people, and (unusually) by Queen Elizabeth II more than 1,000 police and security personnel, involving nine military bands, 18 military battalions, 16 English Electric Lightning fighter jets of the Royal Air Force, a special boat MV Havengore, and a funeral train hauled by Winston Churchill, homage paid by 321,360 people, and witnessed by over 350 million people, it was the largest state funeral in history. Published: Sunday, 17th November 2019 at 8:00 am. Menzies and Eisenhower gave their tributes after the funeral, speaking from the cathedral's crypt. Venetia Scott was the daughter of an Furthermore, Churchill plainly disliked the Queens husband, Prince Philip. It is a royal custom in any event that the monarch is always the last to arrive. Twenty-five million Britons and more than 350 million people around the world watched the ceremony. He is History's child, and what he said and what he did will never die. WebYears later, when Churchill died in 1965, Queen Elizabeth broke protocol by arriving at his funeral before his family. On 30 January 1965, millions of people watched the state funeral of Winston Churchill take place at St Paul's Cathedral, but what was it like for the soldiers who [26] This was also the first time that the American flag was flown at half-staff for a foreign leader. Winston Churchill was one of the best-known, and some say one of the greatest, statesmen of the 20th century. This was an act of mourning for the imperial past. Though Churchill was one of the chief architects of the Allied victory, war-weary British voters ousted the Conservatives and their prime minister from office just two months after Germanys surrender in 1945. By 1964, when The Crown season three begins, Winston Churchill was in very poor health. After a series of strokes, Winston Churchill died at the age of 90, on January 24, 1965. Queen Elizabeth II instructed the Duke of Norfolk, who as hereditary Earl Marshal of England was in charge of important ceremonial occasions, to ensure that the wartime leaders obsequies were on a scale befitting his position in history. In 1896, he went to India; his first book, published in 1898, was an account of his experiences in Indias Northwest Frontier Province. Contrary to myth, Churchill himself was not much involved in the planning. The queue was most times more than one mile long, and the waiting time was about three hours;[29] 321,360 people came to pay their respects. Chamberlain was pushed out of office, and Winston Churchill took his place as prime minister in May 1940. The last was on 15 January 1965, from which he never recovered. Many in the UK too are questioning the legacy of colonial rule, and its leaders. In the show, she was flying over to see him after he punched a classmate in the face and his father blames his misbehavior for the tragic incident. [28], J. H. Kenyon Ltd, of Paddington, London, the funeral directors to the Royal Household since 1928, were tasked with preparing Churchill's remains for the funeral. He was 90 years old and had suffered a series of strokes, and it had been apparent for some time that his life was drawing to a close. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Hon. The Labour politician Richard Crossman wrote: It felt like the end of an epoch, possibly even the end of a nation.. According to the Daily Mirror, theQueenreportedly wrote Sir Winston a heartbreaking, handwritten letter after he retired in 1955, saying how much she would miss him. Changing the day will navigate the page to that given day in history. WebSir Winston Churchill's coffin is brought into St Paul's Cathedral. At the time, it was the largest state funeral in history. [71] In response, David Freeman reported that way back in 1965, David Burnett, the then managing director of Hay's Wharf, had publicly revealed that the gesture was voluntary. The funeral itself took place at St Pauls Cathedral on 30 January 1965. Lynch further went on to say that the dockers hated Churchill. Not to mention, it seems the First Lady's comments weren't as bad as portrayed in the show. Emmett Till murderers make magazine confession, Light Horse and Swamp Fox raid Georgetown, South Carolina. The documents dictated the entire course of the funeral down to the minutest detail. When the process was completed, the remains were dressed in his silk pyjamas and dressing gown and placed back into his bed. On 30 January, the order of funeral was held at St Paul's Cathedral. [78], Churchill's funeral was the largest gathering of world leaders during the 1960sand, at that time, in history. Did you know? Cecil Beaton wrote in his diaries that Jackie was underwhelmed by Buckingham Palace and by the Queen's gown, according to People. For her to arrive before the coffin and before my grandfather was a beautiful and very touching gesture. Asked by Churchills son, Randolph, what a state funeral was, the Earl Marshal replied succinctly: One for which the state pays. (Churchills funeral cost 55,000, not counting the military expenditure.). Here's another scene of the royals outside the church. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. The monarch later discovers that Jackie Kennedy badmouthed her to the dinner guests, calling her "a middle-aged woman so incurious, unintelligent and unremarkable that Britain's new reduced place in the world was not a surprise but an inevitability. The pair who ruled during World War II enjoyed a deep and enduring friendship despite their differences. Winston Churchill - 1951-55 Despite being credited with winning the Second World War, Winston Churchill lost the 1945 election, before returning to Downing Street for a second term in 1951. We strive for accuracy and fairness. [73][74] The hearse van, No. From 1919 to 1921, he was secretary of state for war and in 1924 returned to the Conservative Party, where two years later he played a leading role in the defeat of the General Strike of 1926. Churchill had also changed his mind in one significant respect: he originally wanted to be cremated and to have his ashes interred alongside the bodies of his beloved pets at Chartwell (you can read more about Churchills pets in my book Churchills Bestiary: His Life Through Animals); instead he decided that his corpse should be buried in Bladon churchyard, close to his parents graves and to his birthplace, Blenheim Palace. I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.. I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. Banners of the Danish resistance movements were lowered in respect at the Cenotaph. "[31], The Observer reported on 31 January, saying, "This was the last time that London would be the capital of the world. However, the organisers had to keep changing their plans; he kept outliving his would-be pallbearers. WebChurchill died on 24 January 1965, and the final plan titled State Funeral of the Late Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. He spent most of this term working (unsuccessfully) to build a sustainable dtente between the East and the West. [65] The cranes were under the Hay's Wharf (now Hay's Galleria) and the homage was praised as a gesture of respect[66] in an unrehearsed[67] and spontaneous action. In 1899, the London Morning Post sent him to cover the Boer War in South Africa, but he was captured by enemy soldiers almost as soon as he arrived. After Churchill's stroke in 1953 (an event which was kept quiet while he was still Prime Minister), the Queen had decided that Winston Churchill should have a Lying-in-State and a state funeral the first time the honour had been granted to a "commoner" for more than a century. In grateful remembrance. The day began with the chiming of Big Ben, and 90 cannon salutes at Hyde Park. Their sign reads: "You've got a long wait. Churchill's body lay in state for three days, while mourners queued through night and day to pay their respects with the queue stretching for more than a mile. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. December 13, 1977. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. We were all sad for ourselves, not for him. He had stepped down as Prime Minister in 1955, and was now 90 years old and living in retirement at Chartwell House in Kent (and at his Hyde Park Gate house in London) with his wife Clementine and his beloved marmalade cat, Jock, who had a white bib and white paws and kept him company through his illness. George VI, indeed, had been a staunch opponent of Churchill over the appeasement of Nazi Germany and wanted Lord Halifax, another appeaser, to succeed Neville Chamberlain as prime minister in May 1940. A year later, however, Hitler broke his promise and invaded Poland. They will be paid something to cover their expenses. [68][69], Nicholas Soames, grandson of Churchill, remarked this unexpected activity as one that "undid us all. [Signed] Moran. Reporters besieged his London house at Hyde Park Gate and the state of his health filled the newspapers. [47][48] Churchill's favourite hymns were sung, including "Fight the Good Fight", "He Who Would Valiant Be" and "Battle Hymn of the Republic". Where would Great Britain be without its greatest Briton?". [37] The march processed through Whitehall, Trafalgar Square, the Strand, Fleet Street, and up Ludgate Hill. Winston Churchill served as the British prime minister twice from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955. By royal decree Winston Churchills body lay in state for three days in Westminster Hall he was the first commoner to do so since William Gladstone in 1898. The United States and the United Kingdom have long enjoyed what Winston Churchill dubbed a "special relationship" - yet no US president has ever attended a Join here. [29] The gun carriage itself was drawn by ninety-eight sailors, with forty more behind holding drag ropes. Thus he found himself in Canada when the Queen finally They were grieving over a potent symbol of their lost greatness and their finest hour. Winston Churchill came from a long line of English aristocrat-politicians. S2464S, had been set aside in 1962 specifically for the funeral train. A modern photo of Sir Winston Churchill's grave. Piers Brendon is the author of 16 books, three of them about the British monarchy. Here's what you need to know about the real-life history behind The Crown season 3. [4][5] It was the last state funeral until Queen Elizabeth II's on 19 September 2022. Here, Churchill's face can be seen among them. Protocol states that the Queen is supposed to be the last [6] The official funeral lasted for four days. Biden breaks royal protocol during first ever visit with Queen", "Churchill's Funeral: We were part of history", "Churchill: The Nation's Farewell - No, dockers were not bribed to dip cranes at Churchill's funeral", "Books, Arts & Curiosities - Craning for Attention", "Roosevelt's Birth Marked at Hyde Park Graveside", "De Valera not invited to Churchill's funeral", "Even in death De Valera refused to forgive Churchill over partition", "From the past pages of dawn: 1965: Fifty years ago: Winston Churchill dead", "The Irish Nationalist And The Nazi: When Eamon De Valera Paid His Respects To Adolf Hitler", "People react to Churchill's death, 1965", "Commemorating the historic Winston Churchill funeral", "From the Observer archive, 31 January 1965: Winston Churchill's state funeral", Original BBC footage of Churchill's funeral, Churchill's Funeral - Order of Service - UK Parliament Living Heritage, "Churchill's Final Journey" by Railway Museum, 2002: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (Operation Tay Bridge), 2021: The Duke of Edinburgh (Operation Forth Bridge), Never was so much owed by so many to so few, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill&oldid=1152228489, January 1965 events in the United Kingdom, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 23:40. He was 90 years old. Underground trains ran all night; Westminster Hall stayed open for 23 hours a day; and in bitterly cold weather people waited for three hours in mile-long queues before passing the catafalque on which rested Churchills coffin, Union flag-draped, lead-lined and made of Blenheim oak. The roof over my head," she tells him. During the next five years, he enjoyed an illustrious military career, serving in India, Sudan, and South Africa, and distinguishing himself several times in battle. So strong was the relationship between the two that the Queen wrote the former Prime Minister a handwritten letter when he retired and broke protocol at his funeral. Meet the cast & characters of The Crown season 3, The Crown season 3 soundtrack all the songs and music in the Netflix show. In July, German fighter planes began three months of devastating air raids on Britain herself. The Queen and her family paid their respects to him there, as did some 320,000 of her subjects (about the same number as had thus bidden farewell to George VI). Though the future looked grim, Churchill did all he could to keep British spirits high. [36][47][56], Queen Elizabeth II broke certain royal protocols at Churchill's funeral. Despite Churchills prescience and preparation, World War I was a stalemate from the start. In his final term as prime minister he kept him out of the political loop and made him live over the shop in Buckingham Palace. Eisenhower gave his tribute after Menzies: With no thought of the length of time he might be permitted on earth, he was concerned only with the quality of the service he could render to his nation and to humanity. We strive for accuracy and fairness. In the first year of his administration, Churchill promised his country and the world that the British people would never surrender. He rallied the British people to a resolute resistance and expertly orchestrated Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin into an alliance that crushed the Axis. During that period, in 1958, Churchill nearly died from a sudden attack of pneumonia. Churchill's coffin is carried out of St. Paul's. [101], The funeral was watched by 25 million people in the United Kingdom;[102] it was not, however, broadcast live in Ireland. General Paulus to Hitler: Let us surrender! ", After a couple of false alarms ("each time he rallied"), Churchill died on the morning of the 24th of January 1965. Especially after the Nazis came to power in 1933, Churchill spent a great deal of time warning his countrymen about the perils of German nationalism, but Britons were weary of war and reluctant to get involved in international affairs again.

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