Vidkun Quisling was installed as Minister-President, a puppet to Berlin's High Command. Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach. [11] As a historical source, the Ynglinga saga is much better used as a source on historiography and society during Sturluson's own time than as a source on Sweden's early history. By the mid-ninth century, Ireland, Scotland and England had become major targets for Viking settlement as well as raids. Vikings gained control of the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), the Hebrides and much of mainland Scotland. The Viking predecessorspirates who preyed on merchant ships in the Baltic Seawould use this knowledge to expand their fortune-seeking activities into the North Sea and beyond. One million came from Sweden, 300,000 from Denmark, and 730,000 from Norway. In the Caribbean, Denmark started a colony on St Thomas in 1671, St John in 1718, and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733. Sweden began consolidating its empire. The Nstvet and Lihult tribes learnt new technology from the advancing farmers (but not agriculture) and became the Pitted Ware cultures towards the end of the 4th millennium BC. It is not known what language these early Scandinavians spoke, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars think spoke Proto-Indo-European, the Battle-Axe culture. For instance, the figure of Aun, described as being driven from Uppsala and taking up court in Vstergtland instead, is similar to the historical Swedish king Inge the Elder (r.c. 10791084, 10871105), who was driven from Uppsala into Vstergtland in the 11th century. The Christianization of Scandinavia was a long and painful process, filled with blood, sweat, and war. Even though Scandinavians joined the European Bronze Age cultures fairly late through trade, Scandinavian sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. He was recognized as the best of the Norsemen that secured the French territory and was recognized as the ruler of the area when the French king ceded it to them in 911. During the Weichselian glaciation, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region.Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. By the late 10th century, some Vikings (including the famous Erik the Red) moved even further westward, to Greenland. After the battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Bernadotte abandoned the pursuit of Napoleon and marched against Denmark, where he forced the king of Denmark-Norway to conclude the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January 1814. Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat, "Keep your head high: skulls on stakes and cranial trauma in Mesolithic Sweden", "Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics", "Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts", "1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway", "Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge", "IPS Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat", "Viking Woman Warrior May Have Been Slavic", "Considering the connections between Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast in the 10th 11th Centuries", "Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway", "Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi Conversion to Christianity", Scandinavian Roots American Lives The Story of the Great Emigration, Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings, Guides and travel tips about: Scandinavia For Visitors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&oldid=1151742366. The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. The early Germanic Iron Age is the period when the Danes appear in history, and according to Jordanes, they were of the same stock as the Swedes (suehans, suetidi) and had replaced the Heruls. Beyond that, there is little evidence of Viking presence in the New World, and they didnt form permanent settlements. The first recorded raid in continental Europe came in 799, at the island monastery of St Philiberts on Noirmoutier, near the estuary of the Loire River. Famous Scandinavian Kings from Sweden The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe established Uraniborg, one of Europe's finest research centers, in the late 1570s. They were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic. More than 96% of the Jewish population was boated to safety in Sweden, while others found refuge with Christian Danish families and organizations. After invading, they simply did not want to relinquish it, seeing it as a permanent part of their empire. The Danish East India Company operated out of Tranquebar. [23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlsa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alrkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eirkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvsl as the son of this Eirkr. He is the first Swedish king in a consecutive regnal succession, who is attested in sources independent of each other, Sweden's list of rulers usually begins with him. Vikings placed heavy emphasis on battle, honor and focused on the idea of Valhalla, a mythical home with the gods for fallen warriors. No more Danish attempts would be made to re-create the Kalmar Union following this war. In 844, Vikings stormed Seville (then controlled by the Arabs); in 859, they plundered Pisa, though an Arab fleet battered them on the way back north. Catholicism almost completely vanished in Scandinavia, except for a small population in Denmark.[25]. The adoption of Christianity is believed to have aided in the absorption of Viking communities into the greater religious and cultural framework of the European continent. Unlike other groups, these strange new invaders had no respect for religious institutions such as the monasteries, which were often left unguarded and vulnerable near the shore. One of the most prominent finds is the Dejbjerg wagon from Jutland, a four-wheeled wagon of wood with bronze parts. [5] Many of the legendary kings would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375550) and subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550790), but larger political structures in Scandinavia (i. e. the medieval kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark) are not believed to have formed and centralized until the Viking Age. The Vikings were great shipbuilders and explorers. What is genuine history and what is myth and legend in the sagas is impossible to determine today, and everything contained in them must as such be regarded as legendary, if not fictional. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric, followed by Halsten, Anund Grdske and then Hkan the Red. Rollo Rollo became the first ruler of Normandy in the early 10 th century. With the exception of the passing references to the Swedes (Suiones) and the Geats (Gautoi), much of Scandinavia remained unrecorded by Roman authors. Denmark also maintained colonies in India, Tranquebar and Frederiksnagore. Ingrid Henriksen and Niels Krgrd. [18], The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. No written source mentions a king by the name Eyvsl, though the context of the stone does not make it clear whether he ruled as king or whether he was simply a prince.[7]. These seafaring warriorsknown collectively as Vikings or Norsemen (Northmen)began by raiding coastal sites, especially undefended monasteries, in the British Isles. While there had been a handful of silent films and some smaller movies, the first Viking film with real cultural impact is Richard Fleischer's aptly named The Vikings in 1958. Since he was childless, Sweden chose as his successor the commander in chief of the Norwegian army, Prince Christian August of Augustenborg. He won the Frisvellir battle at Old Uppsala after sacrificing to Odin that if he won, he would give himself for ten years. [8], The Ynglinga saga contains no references to chronology (such as specific dates of the reigns of the various kings) with the exception of presenting the rulers in chronological order. Near the beginning of World War II in late 1939, both the Allies and the Axis Powers feared their enemies gaining power in Scandinavia. The period began in 1625 and lasted until 1629. The same is true for the Hervarar saga, whose sequence of kings is identical to the sequence presented in Langfegatal. The first Christian missionary was the Anglo-Saxon Willibord (c. 700), who accomplished little. The present monarch of Sweden is Carl XVI Gustaf, who came to the throne in 1973 at the age of 27. [7] The Icelandic sources are substantially different from his work, not only in the kings preceding Olof Sktkonung. Another Norse tradition was that of blood feuds, which particularly had devastated Iceland. Scandinavian furs were highly prized in the new trading markets; from their trade with the Europeans, Scandinavians learned about new sailing technology as well as about the growing wealth and accompanying inner conflicts between European kingdoms. [6], According to the Ynglinga saga, the Yngling dynasty's rule in Sweden was succeeded by Ivar Vidfamne, previously a petty king in Scania, who founded a new royal line. The Maglemosian culture lived in Denmark and southern Sweden. The first King of Norway was King Harald Fairhair. Anna Edwards and Matt Miller take you through what to watch . In the wave of Viking attacks in England after 851, only one kingdomWessexwas able to successfully resist. At the same time, Germany feared that Britain could gain bases in the area and claimed they suspected an outright invasion. 'The Celts: A History'. [29] Norway had the largest percentage of emigrants and Denmark the least. Photo: Hugo Burnand. Jacobsen designed every little detail of the hotel, from the signature spiral staircase in the lobby to the iconic egg chairs. Industrialization of Sweden experienced a boom during the First World War. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.[23]. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal fell. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. His exact nature and role, however, are difficult to determine because of the complex picture of him given by the wealth of archaeological and literary sources. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the Germanic Iron Age, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the Vendel Age, with rich burials in the basin of Lake Mlaren. The three Scandinavian countries would, if they had entered into an alliance, have remained separate sovereign countries but acted as a single bloc in foreign policy and security issues. A Carolingian mission (c. 820) was welcomed by King Bjorn of Sweden. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. The name Viking came from the Scandinavians themselves, from the Old Norse word "vik" (bay or creek) which formed the root of "vikingr" (pirate). Olaf Tryggvason started the destruction of pagan cult sites in the late 10th century, but only Olaf Haraldsson achieved the official adaption of Christianity in the 1020s. Several other wars with Poland, Denmark-Norway, and German countries enabled further Swedish expansion, although there were some setbacks such as the Kalmar War. [13] The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Armistice negotiations concluded on 14 August 1814. The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. However, new analyses revealed that the woman was a Slav from present-day Poland. By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking culture was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe. The legendary kings of Sweden ( Swedish: sagokonungar, sagokungar, lit. Take a look at all the royals attending King Charles' big day. For all these reasons, Denmark was able to retain their parliament, king, and much of their normal domestic function. While the nationality of Rollo is in disputesome sources say Norwegian and others say Danishthere is no question that most of his followers were Danes, many from the Danelaw area. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. A thousand years later, the numerous East Germanic tribes that claimed Scandinavian origins (Burgundians, Goths and Heruls), as did the Lombards, rendered Scandinavia (Scandza) the name "womb of nations" in Jordanes' Getica. Industrialization began in the mid 19th century in Scandinavia. They granted the Jews that escaped from Denmark asylum and gave notable aid to Finland during the Winter War. The Swedish Ynglings might have been invented to glorify the Norwegian kings further, giving them a glorious and mythical past associated with Uppsala. However, the treaty of Kiel never came into force. Gustav Vasa is the first King in Swedish history of whose life we have a clear view. hgin, Dith. Britain believed Germany was planning to invade and made counter plans for its own invasion. In Denmark Harald Bluetooth Christianized the country around 965. The final few kings considered part of the Muns dynasty by the Icelandic sagas; Eric the Victorious, Olof Sktkonung, Anund Jacob and Emund the Old, were real historical kings, though that does not mean that their legendary ancestors were real historical figures. During the Ingrian War Sweden expanded its territories eastward. Denmark was the most easily transformed, as the Viking raids slowly introduced the religion through the Christian wives and slaves brought back as war prizes. Olaf Tryggvason: Olaf Tryggvason (964-1000) was the first to have widespread evangelistic success in Norway.
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